The cause was complications of pneumonia, his nephew Burr Steers said by telephone.
Mr. Vidal was, at the end of his life, an Augustan figure who believed himself to be the last of a breed, and he was probably right. Few American writers have been more versatile or gotten more mileage from their talent. He published some 25 novels, two memoirs and several volumes of stylish, magisterial essays. He also wrote plays, television dramas and screenplays. For a while he was even a contract writer at MGM. And he could always be counted on for a spur-of-the-moment aphorism, putdown or sharply worded critique of American foreign policy.
Perhaps more than any other American writer except Norman Mailer or Truman Capote, Mr. Vidal took great pleasure in being a public figure. He twice ran for office ? in 1960, when he was the Democratic Congressional candidate for the 29th District in upstate New York, and in 1982, when he campaigned in California for a seat in the Senate ? and though he lost both times, he often conducted himself as a sort of unelected shadow president. He once said, ?There is not one human problem that could not be solved if people would simply do as I advise.?
Mr. Vidal was an occasional actor, appearing, for example, in animated form on ?The Simpsons? and ?Family Guy,? in the movie version of his own play ?The Best Man,? and in the Tim Robbins movie ?Bob Roberts,? in which he played an aging, epicene version of himself. He was a more than occasional guest on TV talk shows, where his poise, wit, looks and charm made him such a regular that Johnny Carson offered him a spot as a guest host of ?The Tonight Show.?
Television was a natural medium for Mr. Vidal, who in person was often as cool and detached as he was in his prose. ?Gore is a man without an unconscious,? his friend the Italian writer Italo Calvino once said. Mr. Vidal said of himself: ?I?m exactly as I appear. There is no warm, lovable person inside. Beneath my cold exterior, once you break the ice, you find cold water.?
Mr. Vidal loved conspiracy theories of all sorts, especially the ones he imagined himself at the center of, and he was a famous feuder; he engaged in celebrated on-screen wrangles with Mailer, Capote and William F. Buckley Jr. Mr. Vidal did not lightly suffer fools ? a category that for him comprised a vast swath of humanity, elected officials especially ? and he was not a sentimentalist or a romantic. ?Love is not my bag,? he said.
By the time he was 25, he had already had more than 1,000 sexual encounters with both men and women, he boasted in his memoir ?Palimpsest.? Mr. Vidal tended toward what he called ?same-sex sex,? but frequently declared that human beings were inherently bisexual, and that labels like gay (a term he particularly disliked) or straight were arbitrary and unhelpful. For 53 years, he had a live-in companion, Howard Austen, a former advertising executive, but the secret of their relationship, he often said, was that they did not sleep together.
Mr. Vidal sometimes claimed to be a populist ? in theory, anyway ? but he was not convincing as one. Both by temperament and by birth he was an aristocrat.
Eugene Luther Gore Vidal Jr. was born on Oct. 3, 1925, at the United States Military Academy at West Point, where his father, Eugene, had been an All-American football player and a track star and had returned as a flying instructor and assistant football coach. An aviation pioneer, Eugene Vidal Sr. went on to found three airlines, including one that became T.W.A. He was director of the Bureau of Air Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Mr. Vidal?s mother, Nina, was an actress and socialite and the daughter of Thomas Pryor Gore, the Democratic senator from Oklahoma.
Mr. Vidal, who once said he had grown up in ?the House of Atreus,? detested his mother, whom he frequently described as a bullying, self-pitying alcoholic. She and Mr. Vidal?s father divorced in 1935, and she married Hugh D. Auchincloss, the stepfather of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ? a connection that Mr. Vidal never tired of bringing up. After her remarriage, Mr. Vidal lived with his mother at Merrywood, the Auchincloss family estate in Virginia, but his fondest memories were of the years the family spent at his maternal grandfather?s sprawling home in the Rock Creek Park neighborhood of Washington. He loved to read to his grandfather, who was blind, and sometimes accompanied him onto the Senate floor. Mr. Vidal?s lifelong interest in politics began to stir back then, and from his grandfather, an America Firster, he probably also inherited his unwavering isolationist beliefs.
Mr. Vidal attended St. Albans School in Washington, where he lopped off his Christian names and became simply Gore Vidal, which he considered more literary-sounding. Though he shunned sports himself, he formed an intense romantic and sexual friendship ? the most important of his life, he later said ? with Jimmie Trimble, one of the school?s best athletes. Trimble was his ?ideal brother,? his ?other half,? Mr. Vidal said, the only person with whom he ever felt wholeness. Jimmie?s premature death at Iwo Jima in?World War II?at once sealed off their relationship in a glow of A. E. Housman-like early perfection, and seemingly made it impossible for Mr. Vidal ever to feel the same way about anyone else.
After leaving St. Albans in 1939, Mr. Vidal spent a year at the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico before enrolling at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. He published stories and poems in the Exeter literary magazine, but he was an indifferent student who excelled mostly at debating. A classmate, the writer John Knowles, later used him as the model for Brinker Hadley, the know-it-all conspiracy theorist in ?A Separate Peace,? his Exeter-based novel.
Mr. Vidal graduated from Exeter at 17 ? only by cheating, he later admitted, on virtually every math exam ? and enlisted in the Army, where he became first mate on a freight supply ship in the Aleutian Islands. He began work on ?Williwaw,? a novel set on a troopship and published in 1946 while Mr. Vidal was an associate editor at the publishing company E. P. Dutton, a job he soon gave up. Written in a pared-down, Hemingway-like style, ?Williwaw? (the title is a meteorological term for a sudden wind out of the mountains) won some admiring reviews but gave little clue to the kind of writer Mr. Vidal would become. Neither did his second book, ?In a Yellow Wood? (1947), about a brokerage clerk and his wartime Italian mistress, which Mr. Vidal later said was so bad, he couldn?t bear to reread it. He nevertheless became a glamorous young literary figure, pursued by Ana?s Nin and courted by Christopher Isherwood and Tennessee Williams.
In 1948 Mr. Vidal published ?The City and the Pillar,? which was dedicated to J. T. (Jimmie Trimble). It is what we would now call a coming-out story, about a handsome, athletic young Virginia man who gradually discovers that he is homosexual. By today?s standards it is tame and discreet, but at the time it caused a scandal and was denounced as corrupt and pornographic. Mr. Vidal later claimed that the literary and critical establishment, The New York Times especially, had blacklisted him because of the book, and he may have been right. He had such trouble getting subsequent novels reviewed that he turned to writing mysteries under the pseudonym Edgar Box and then, for a time, gave up novel-writing altogether. To make a living he concentrated on writing for television, then for the stage and the movies.
Work was plentiful. He wrote for most of the shows that presented hourlong original dramas in the 1950s, including ?Studio One,? ?Philco Television Playhouse? and ?Goodyear Playhouse.? He became so adept, he could knock off an adaptation in a weekend and an original play in a week or two. He turned ?Visit to a Small Planet,? his 1955 television drama about an alien who comes to earth to study the art of war, into a successful Broadway play. His most successful play was ?The Best Man,? about two contenders for the presidential nomination. It ran for 520 performances on Broadway before it, too, became a successful film, in 1964, with a cast headed by Henry Fonda and a screenplay by Mr. Vidal. It was revived on Broadway in 2000 and is now being revived there again as ?Gore Vidal?s The Best Man.? Mr. Vidal?s reputation as a script doctor was such that in 1956 MGM hired him as a contract writer; among other projects he helped rewrite the screenplay of ?Ben-Hur,? though he was denied an official credit. He also wrote the screenplay for the movie adaptation of his friend Tennessee Williams?s play ?Suddenly, Last Summer.?
?I always thought about Gore that he was not really a novelist,? Mr. Epstein wrote, ?that he had too much ego to be a writer of fiction because he couldn?t subordinate himself to other people the way you have to as a novelist.?
Success did not mellow Mr. Vidal. In 1968, while covering the Democratic National Convention on television, he called William F. Buckley a ?crypto-Nazi.? Buckley responded by calling Mr. Vidal a ?queer,? and the two were in court for years. In a 1971 essay he compared Norman Mailer to Charles Manson, and a few months later Mailer head-butted him in the green room while the two were waiting to appear on the Dick Cavett show. They then took their quarrel on the air in a memorable exchange that ended with Mr. Cavett?s telling Mailer to take a piece of paper on the table in front of them and ?fold it five ways and put it where the moon don?t shine.? In 1975 Mr. Vidal sued Truman Capote for libel after Capote wrote that Mr. Vidal had been thrown out of the Kennedy White House. Mr. Vidal won a grudging apology.
Some of his political positions were similarly quarrelsome and provocative. Mr. Vidal was an outspoken critic of Israel?s treatment of the?Palestinians, and once called Norman Podhoretz, the editor of Commentary, and his wife, the journalist Midge Decter, ?Israeli Fifth Columnists.? In the 1990s he wrote sympathetically about Timothy McVeigh, who was executed for the Oklahoma City bombing. And after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, he wrote an essay for Vanity Fair arguing that America had brought the attacks upon itself by maintaining imperialist foreign policies. In another essay, for The Independent, he compared the attacks to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, arguing that both Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and George W. Bush knew of them in advance and exploited them to advance their agendas.
As for literature, it was more or less over, he declared more than once, and he had reached a point where he no longer much cared. He became a sort of connoisseur of decline, in fact. America is ?rotting away at a funereal pace,? he told The Times of London in 2009. ?We?ll have a military dictatorship pretty soon, on the basis that nobody else can hold everything together.?
In 2003 Mr. Vidal and his companion, Mr. Austen, who was ill, left their cliffside Italian villa La Rondinaia (the Swallow?s Nest) on the Gulf of Salerno and moved to the Hollywood Hills to be closer to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Mr. Austen died that year, and in ?Point to Point Navigation,? his second volume of memoirs, Mr. Vidal recalled that Mr. Austen asked from his deathbed, ?Didn?t it go by awfully fast??
?Of course it had,? Mr. Vidal wrote. ?We had been too happy and the gods cannot bear the happiness of mortals.? Mr. Austen was buried in Washington in a plot Mr. Vidal had purchased in Rock Creek Cemetery. The gravestone was already inscribed with their names side by side.
After Mr. Austen?s death, Mr. Vidal lived alone in declining health himself. He was increasingly troubled by a knee injury he suffered in the war, and used a wheelchair to get around. In November 2009 he made a rare public appearance to attend the?National Book Awards?in New York, where he was given a lifetime achievement award. He evidently had not prepared any remarks, and instead delivered a long, meandering impromptu speech that was sometimes funny and sometimes a little hard to follow. At one point he even seemed to speak fondly of Buckley, his old nemesis. It sounded like a summing up.
?Such fun, such fun,? he said.
This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: August 1, 2012
An earlier version misstated the term Mr. Vidal called William F. Buckley Jr. in a television appearance during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. It was crypto-Nazi, not crypto-fascist. It also described incorrectly Mr. Vidal?s connection with former Vice President Al Gore. Although Mr. Vidal frequently referred jokingly to Mr. Gore as his cousin, they were not related. And Mr. Vidal?s relationship with his longtime live-in companion, Howard Austen, was also described incorrectly.? According to Mr. Vidal?s memoir ?Palimpsest,? they had sex the night they met, but did not sleep together after they began living together. It was not true that they never had sex.
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